DIRECT SCIENCES: SOLVING PROBLEMS THROUGH SCIENTIFIC NETWORKING

Morphological characterization is the first step in description and classification of the germplasm. But biochemical markers like isozymes, resistance to chemicals and seed storage proteins are also being used for genotyping studies in plant breeding. Now days, molecular markers are the markers of attention for advanced research. These can be classified into two categories including non-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based techniques and PCR-based techniques. Several new array chip techniques that utilize DNA hybridization coupled with labeled nucleotides and Next-Generation sequencing techniques have also been developed. The techniques that are promising for plant genotyping are the Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). The choice of a molecular marker technique depends upon the reliability, ease of analysis and level of polymorphisms. The merger of genetics and genomics has unraveled the new insights by defining various metabolic, regulatory and developmental pathways, but rigorous investigations still need to be completed.

Markers, genotyping, plants

HCV is highly prevalent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Pakistan. To check the Serological prevalence of Hepatitis C infection in IDPs of Waziristan residing at Bannu Camp, this Research study was conducted in the Blood Bank main laboratory of Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Samples were collected from the IDPs Patients in the month of July and brought it in closed icebox container to the laboratory of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. HCV infection was diagnosed on the basis of RDT Rapid Diagnostic Test and Serologic test by using Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Out of 500 patients high prevalence was observed in age group of 40-60 years which was 82.17% while in age group 10-20 years the prevalence was 61.11%. The lowest prevalence was observed in the age group of 20-40, which was 55%. The data was significant when analyzed by chi square test with P<0.05.In gender wise, high prevalence was observed in females which were 72.69% while in children it was 50%. The lowest prevalence was observed in the males (66.66%). It was concluded from the present study that Hepatitis C Virus infection was more prevalent in IDPs of North Waziristan. This study will be helpful to the health care policy makers to design strategies for controlling and eradication of Hepatitis C infection.

Hepatitis C, Serological, Anti-HCV, Patients

Metabolomics is well recognized technique for the analysis of biological system. Recently NMR is becoming an important tool of interest for researchers in the area of bimolecular analysis, especially for drug discovery. This technique is a significant step forward for identifying biomarkers, ligand interaction to the target, pathway recognition and metabolomic mapping. NMR based metabolomic is not only being used for the identification and structure elucidation of synthetic or natural compounds but also is considered as an imperative tool for biomolecular drug discovery. Significant advancements in methodological developments, software (including bioinformatics tools), and hardware (including instrumentation) is exploring new areas for industrial drug discovery. In this review, we discussed the importance of NMR technique in bio-molecular sciences.

Bimolecular analysis, NMR, Metabolomics